Methods, apparatus, media, and signals for managing utility usage

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, computer readable media, and signals for managing utility usage are disclosed. Generally, each involves receiving a representation of a utility service usage at a load, receiving and storing a usage range representation, and producing a control signal for use by a utility service interrupter, when the usage is outside of the usage range representation. The control signal is operable to cause the utility service interrupter to interrupt a supply of the utility service to the load. Each also involves receiving a control signal indicating that a usage of the utility service at the load is outside of a usage range representation, and interrupting the supply of the utility service to the load in response to the control signal. Systems and methods for monitoring subscriber usage of a utility service and for billing a subscriber for utility service usage are also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

This invention relates to apparatus, methods, media, and signals formanaging utility usage, in particular for controlling excessive ornon-optimized usage of a utility, controlling a supply of a utilityservice to a load, facilitating monitoring of subscriber usage of autility service, and billing a subscriber for utility service usage.

2. Description of Related Art

With the increasing prospect of rising natural gas prices, energyshortages, and water shortages looming on the horizon, there is a needfor smart management of utility service usage. As national and worldwideenergy resources dwindle, there is an increasing need to manage theefficiency of energy and water use. Recent years have seen an increasedprevalence of energy blackouts, brownouts, and water restrictions duringcertain times of the year in order to conserve available resources ofenergy and water. As we move into the twenty-first century theconservation of energy and water will gain increasing importance,requiring careful management of utilities.

Many existing systems used to manage utilities do so for control indisaster or abnormal conditions. For example some systems involveshutting off the supply of utilities during an emergency, such as in anearthquake or in response to leak detection or a short circuit. Thesesystems generally monitor for faults or leaks in the utility system andrespond by turning off a circuit breaker or shutting off valves andevacuating gases and water in order to prevent further damage to adwelling or building.

However, in these systems there is no monitoring of utility usage andthere is no subsequent controlling of utility supply in response tomeasurements made while monitoring the utility usage. Underscoring thatneed is the increased advantage of minimizing utility usage costs forinefficient use of energy, and the added safety precautions the systemwould present when utilizing appliances which have not been optimizedfor energy usage. Moreover, monitoring the usage of utilities would alsonaturally facilitate the tracking of utility expenditures, and wouldprovide an opportunity to incorporate monitoring and controllingutilities with a billing process to provide payment for utility usage.

What would be desirable therefore are methods and apparatus which manageusage of a utility service.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the above needs by providing methods,apparatus, media, and signals for managing utility usage.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided amethod of controlling usage of a utility including receiving arepresentation of a utility service usage at a load, receiving andstoring a usage range representation, and producing a control signal foruse by a utility service interrupter, when the usage is outside of theusage range representation. The control signal is operable to cause theutility service interrupter to interrupt a supply of the utility serviceto the load.

The method may include transmitting the control signal to the utilityservice interrupter, receiving user input specifying the usage rangerepresentation and/or receiving a message from a communications systemand extracting the usage range representation from the message accordingto a network protocol.

The method may also include receiving a plurality of representations ofthe utility service usage representing the utility service usage at theload, and receiving and storing a plurality of usage rangerepresentations.

The method may also include producing a derived representation from theplurality of representations of the utility service usage and producingthe control signal when the derived representation is outside of theusage range representation. The method may also include comparing therepresentations of the utility service usage with respective usage rangerepresentations and producing the control signal when a set ofrepresentations of the utility service usage is outside of acorresponding set of usage range representations.

The method may also include storing the representation of utilityservice usage, displaying the representation of utility service usage,storing an indication of whether or not the control signal is active,and displaying the indication.

The method may also include transmitting the representation of theutility service usage to a remote location.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided acomputer readable medium for providing instruction codes executable by aprogrammable device, for directing the programmable device to receive arepresentation of a utility service usage at a load, receive and store ausage range representation, and produce a control signal for use byutility service interrupter, when the usage is outside of the usagerange representation.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided acomputer data signal embodied in a carrier. The computer data signalincludes code segments for directing a programmable device to receive arepresentation of utility service usage at a load, receive and store ausage range representation, and produce a control signal for use by autility service interrupter, when the usage is outside of the usagerange representation.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided anapparatus for controlling usage of a utility including a communicationsdevice operable to receive a representation of a utility service usageat a load and operable to receive a usage range representation, a datastorage device operable to store the usage range representation, and acontroller, in communication with the communications device and the datastorage device.

The controller is operable to produce a control signal for use by autility service interrupter, when the usage is outside of the usagerange representation. The control signal is operable to cause theutility service interrupter to interrupt the supply of the utilityservice to the load.

The controller may further include a control signal generator operableto produce the control signal, or a processor circuit incorporating thecontrol signal generator.

The communications device may be operable to transmit the control signalto the utility service interrupter, to receive user input specifying theusage range representation, to receive a message from a communicationssystem containing the usage range representation, to be extracted fromthe message by the processor circuit according to a network protocol.

The communications device may be operable to receive a plurality ofrepresentations of the utility service usage representing the utilityservice usage at the load, and operable to receive a plurality of usagerange representations. The data storage device may be operable to storethe plurality of usage range representations.

The processor circuit may be operable to produce a derivedrepresentation from the plurality of representations of the utilityservice usage, and operable to cause the control signal generator toproduce the control signal when the derived representation is outside ofthe usage range representation. The processor circuit may also beoperable to compare the representations of the utility service usagewith respective usage range representations and may be operable to causethe control signal generator to produce the control signal when a set ofrepresentations of the utility service usage is outside of acorresponding set of usage range representations.

The data storage device may be operable to store the representation ofutility service usage, or to store an indication of whether or not thecontrol signal is active.

The apparatus may further include an annunciation device operable todisplay the representation of the utility service usage, and theprocessor circuit may be operable to direct the annunciation device todisplay the indication of whether or not the control signal is active.

The communications device may also be operable to transmit therepresentation of utility service usage to a remote location.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided amethod of controlling a supply of a utility service to a load includingreceiving a control signal indicating that a usage of the utilityservice at the load is outside of a usage range representation, andinterrupting the supply of the utility service to the load in responseto the control signal. The control signal may be received at acommunications device in communication with a utility serviceinterrupter, and interrupting may include actuating a valve or a switch.

The method may also include producing a representation of the usage ofthe utility service by the load, for use by a controller operable toproduce the control signal, and transmitting the representation to thecontroller.

The method may also include measuring the usage of the utility serviceby the load to produce a measurement value representing usage of theutility service by the load, and producing the representation from themeasurement value.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided acomputer readable medium for providing instruction codes executable by aprogrammable device, for directing the programmable device to receive acontrol signal indicating that usage of the utility service at the loadis outside of a usage range representation, and to interrupt the supplyof the utility service to the load in response to the control signal.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided acomputer data signal embodied in a carrier wave, the signal includingcode segments for directing a programmable device to receive a controlsignal indicating that a usage of the utility service at the load isoutside of a usage range representation, and to interrupt the supply ofthe utility service to the load in response to the control signal.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided anapparatus for controlling a supply of utility service to a loadincluding a communications device operable to receive a control signalindicating that a usage of the utility service at the load is outside ofa usage range representation, and a utility service interrupter, incommunication with the communications device. The utility serviceinterrupter is operable to interrupt a supply of utility service to theload in response to the control signal, and may be operable to actuate avalve or a switch.

The apparatus may also include a processor circuit operable to produce arepresentation of the usage of a utility service by the load, for use bya controller operable to produce the control signal. The communicationsdevice may be operable to transmit the representation to the controller.

The apparatus may also include a measurement device in communicationwith the processor circuit. The measurement device may be operable tomeasure the usage of the utility service by the load to produce ameasurement value representing the usage of the utility service by theload, and the processor circuit may be operable to produce therepresentation from the measurement value.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided amethod facilitating monitoring of subscriber usage of a utility serviceincluding producing a measurement of usage of the utility service at asubscriber location, and transmitting the measurement from thesubscriber location to an entity for monitoring the subscriber usage ofthe utility service.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided acomputer readable medium for providing instruction codes executable by aprogrammable device, for directing the programmable device to produce ameasurement of usage of the utility service at a subscriber location,and transmit the measurement from the subscriber location to an entityfor monitoring the subscriber usage of the utility service.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided acomputer data signal embodied in a carrier wave. The signal includescode segments for directing a programmable device to produce ameasurement of usage of the utility service at a subscriber location,and transmit the measurement from the subscriber location to an entityfor monitoring the subscriber usage of the utility service.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided anapparatus for monitoring usage of a utility service by a subscriberincluding a utility service measurement device operable to produce ameasurement of usage of the utility service at a subscriber location,and a transmitter, in communication with the utility service measurementdevice, operable to transmit the measurement from the subscriberlocation to an entity for monitoring the subscriber usage of the utilityservice.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod of billing a subscriber for utility service usage includingproducing a measurement of usage of the utility service at a location,receiving rate information for the utility service, applying the rateinformation to the measurement to produce a billing value, and producinga billing signal representing a bill bearing the billing value, for useby an output device at a subscriber location for producing a bill at thesubscriber location.

The method may also include causing the bill to be printed or displayedat the subscriber location in response to the billing signal, orproduced at a location designated by the subscriber.

The method may also include receiving the rate information at thesubscriber location, and applying the rate information at the subscriberlocation.

The method may also include requesting the rate information from aserver, by establishing a communications connection to a remote server,and transmitting the measurement or a value derived from the measurementto a remote server.

The method may also include transmitting utility service usageinformation to a server. The method may also include producing andstoring a plurality of measurements of usage of the utility service,measuring usage of a plurality of utility services, obtaining rateinformation for at least some of the utility services, applying the rateinformation to the at least some of the utility services to produce atleast some billing values for the at least some utility services, andcausing at least some bills to be produced, bearing the at least somebilling values. The method may also include producing the billing signalin response to a request for the bill to be produced.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided acomputer readable medium for providing instruction codes executable by aprogrammable device and a computer data signal including respective codesegments embodied in a carrier wave. The computer readable mediumprovides instruction codes executable by a programmable device and thecomputer data signal contains respective code segments for directing aprogrammable device to produce a measurement of usage of the utilityservice at a location, to receive rate information from the utilityservice, to apply the rate information to the measurement to produce abilling value, and to produce a billing signal representing a billbearing the billing value, for use by an output device at a subscriberlocation for producing a bill at the subscriber location.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided anapparatus for billing a subscriber for utility service usage including autility service measurement device operable to measure the utilityservice usage at a location, a communications device operable to receiverate information for the utility service, a processor circuit, incommunication with the communications device, and operable to apply therate information to the measurement to produce billing value and togenerate a billing signal representing a bill bearing the billing value,for use by an output device at a subscriber location for producing abill at the subscriber location.

The apparatus may further include an annunciation device responsive tothe billing signal for producing the bill bearing the billing value. Theannunciation device may further include a printer to print the bill atthe location or a printer at a remote location to print the bill at aremote location.

The communications device may further include a receiver operable toreceive the rate information at the location. The processor circuit maybe operable to apply the rate information at the location.

The communications device may be operable to establish communicationswith either a server or a remote server to request the rate informationfrom the server or the remote server, and further may include atransmitter operable to transmit either the measurement or a valuederived from the measurement to a remote server. The transmitter may beoperable to transmit utility service usage information to a server.

The apparatus may further include a data storage device operable tostore the measurement of utility service usage.

The apparatus may also include a plurality of utility servicemeasurement devices operable to produce a plurality of measurements ofthe utility service usage.

The plurality of utility service measurement devices may be operable tomeasure usage of a plurality of utility services, and the communicationsdevice may be in communication with the plurality of the utility servicemeasurements and operable to obtain rate information for at least someof the utility services.

The processor circuit may be operable to apply the rate information tothe at least some of the utility service measurements to produce atleast some billing values for the at least some utility services.

The annunciation device may be operable to cause at least some bills tobe produced, bearing the at least some billing values and may beoperable to produce the billing signal in response to a request for thebill to be produced.

Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparentto those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the followingdescription of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction withthe accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In drawings which illustrate embodiments of the invention:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for managing utility usageaccording to a first embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a utility management apparatus forcontrolling a supply of a utility service, as part of the system shownin FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart depicting a process effected by a processorcircuit of the utility management apparatus shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a tabular representation of a measurement/status recordproduced by a processor circuit executing the process shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a tabular representation of a look-up table read by theprocessor circuit of the utility management apparatus shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a tabular representation of a test record recording the statusindicators for a plurality of measurement/status records shown in FIG.4.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a control device of the system shown inFIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a control device, according to analternate embodiment, of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a billing system incorporating part ofthe system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart depicting a process effected by a processorcircuit of the billing system shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a bill produced according to theprocess shown in FIG. 10, by the billing system shown in FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1 a system for managing utility usage, according to afirst embodiment of the invention, is shown generally at 10. In thisembodiment, the system includes a utility management apparatus 12, aplurality of measurement devices 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 21 anda plurality of control devices 26, 28, and 30.

The plurality of measurement devices 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 21measure utility usage parameters, such as electrical power, water, andgas used by loads 20, 22, and 24, respectively, for example, and thecontrol devices 26, 28, and 30 may be valves or relays, for example, forcontrolling the supply of utility services to the respective loads. Theload may include appliances connected to a supply of gas, water, orelectricity, for example, or other types of utilities.

The measurement devices 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 21 measure theusage of the utility service by their respective loads to produce ameasurement value representing the usage of the utility service by therespective load. The measurement devices 14 and 16, for example, may beflow meters or flow switches to measure or sense the flow of gas andwater to loads 20 and 22, respectively, and measurement devices 13, 15,17, 19, and 21 may measure the amount of gas, water, heat, and/or othersecondary by-products exhausted from the respective loads.Alternatively, or in addition, measurement device 18 may be operable tomeasure the electric power consumed by respective electric load 24, andmeasurement device 21 may be operable to measure the continuity throughthe load to determine if the electric load is connected to a supply ofutility service. In general, any other measurement devices able todetermine the usage of a utility by a load may be used. Moreover, themeasurement devices may comprises individual devices or any combinationof measurement devices may be grouped together to determine anappropriate measurement of the usage of a utility service by a load.

The measurement value is a representation of the usage of the utilityservice by the respective loads or may be used to produce such arepresentation. The representation of utility service usage may be asignal representative of a measurement of flow of water or gas throughan appliance, the amount of electric power or thermal energy used by anappliance, for example, or other types of measurements which can be usedto determine the usage of a utility service. The representation ofutility service usage may represent the usage of a single utility by anappliance, or may represent the usage of a plurality of utilities byvarious appliances.

The control devices 26, 28, and 30 are operable to interrupt a supply ofutilities to their respective loads in response to respective controlsignals. A control signal may be a voltage signal in the 0-5V range, acurrent signal in the 4-20 mA range, or a computer data signal, forexample. Generally, the control signal may be represented by a change inany feature of an electrical signal, for example.

The utility management apparatus 12 includes a communications device 32,a data storage device 34, and a utility service controller 36 incommunication with the communications device and the data storagedevice. The utility management apparatus 12 receives, at thecommunications device 32, the representations of utility service usageat loads 20, 22, and 24, from the measurement devices 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, and 21, respectively.

The communications device 32 is also operable to receive a usage rangerepresentation, which serves as a range of values in determining whetherthere is excessive or non-optimized usage of a utility by a load, andstores the usage range representation in the data storage device 34. Thedata storage device 34 may store a single usage range representationpertaining to a single load, or may alternatively store a plurality ofusage range representations for various loads. The utility servicecontroller 36 compares the representation of utility service usage at aload to the corresponding usage range representation stored in the datastorage device 34. If the utility service controller 36 determines thatthe usage of a utility by a particular load 24 is outside of the usagerange representation for that load, the utility service controllerproduces a control signal for use by the control device 30 to interruptthe supply of the utility service to the respective load 24.

Management Apparatus

Referring to FIG. 2, to achieve the above function, in this embodiment,the utility management apparatus 12 includes a processor circuit shownat 38 as part of the utility service controller 36. In this embodiment,the processor circuit 38 includes a control signal generator 40 forproducing the control signal when the usage is outside of the usagerange representation, for use by the control devices 26, 28, and 30shown in FIG. 1, to interrupt a supply of the utility service to therespective loads. Alternatively, the control signal generator 40 may beseparate from the processor circuit 38.

In this embodiment, the utility service controller 36 also includes ablock of instruction codes provided by a processor readable mediumaccessible by the processor circuit 38. In this embodiment, theprocessor readable medium includes a program memory device 42 and arandom access memory device 44. Alternatively, the processor readablemedium may be a memory device such as a disc drive or CD-ROM, or EPROM,for example, but could alternatively be a communications link to thecommunications device 32 of the utility management apparatus 12, wherethe communications device is operable to communicate with a remotedevice. The communications link may include the internet, for example.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the data storage device 34 isshown as a memory device separate from the utility service controller36. Alternatively, the data storage device 34 may be incorporated in theprogram memory device 42, the random access memory device 44, or aCD-ROM, for example. Moreover, the data storage device 34 may bealternatively housed in the utility service controller 36, as shown inthe embodiment in FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 2, the communications device 32 is operable to receivefrom the measurement devices 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 21 therepresentations of the utility service usage representing the utilityservice usage at respective loads 20, 22, and 24, and pass therepresentations to an input port 46 of the utility service controller 36to be read by the processor circuit 38. Alternatively, thecommunications device 32 may store the representations of utilityservice usage at the data storage device 34, to be read by the processorcircuit 38 of the utility service controller 36 as shown in FIG. 1.

Still referring to FIG. 1, the communications device 32 may also beoperable to transmit the representation of utility service usage via atransmitter 55, such as a modem, for example, over a communicationssystem to a remote location, such as a group of utility servicesuppliers 53 supplying the utility services or any other entity, formonitoring the usage of the utility service. The transmitter 55 is shownin FIG. 1 as separate from the utility management apparatus 12 and thecommunications device 32, but alternatively may be part of thecommunications device of the management apparatus. The communicationssystem may include a computer network such as the internet 57 or mayinclude a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 52, for example, or aprivate network or other communications system configured to delivermessages to contain the representation of the utility service usage. Thecommunications device 32 is also operable to receive input specifyingthe usage range representations of the respective loads. The usage rangerepresentation may be a signal derived by a processor in thecommunications device or other device, from input representing a maximumamount of power, voltage or current allowable to be used by a load 24,or a maximum amount of water or gas allowable to be used by loads 22 or20, respectively. Alternatively, the usage range representation mayrepresent an efficiency rating, a flow rating, a maximum and/or minimumutility service usage amount, a secondary by-product amount, orgenerally any other criteria which can be used to compare with themeasured usage of a utility service by a load to determine if the usageby the load is excessive or not optimized to allow for maximum orefficient performance of an appliance connected to the load.

The input may be provided by a user from a keyboard 48, or may beprovided in a message from a communications system, which may be theinternet 57 or the PSTN 52, shown in FIG. 1. For example, a usermanaging the utility usage may want to specify the maximum amount ofpower to be used by a load for a certain time, or may want to change themaximum amount criteria to accommodate changes in the power demand dueto holidays or extreme weather or general environmental conditions.Alternatively, the utility service suppliers 53 or other entity may setor change a maximum water usage criteria in response to droughtconditions, or may set a total power consumption limit during times ofhigh power demand, for example. Or, for example, the utility servicesuppliers 53 or other authorities may set different temperature limitsfor cooling or heating devices in different buildings.

Alternatively, certain appliances may be equipped with informationmessage transmitting ability, such as ID chips, which can communicateinformation messages about expected power consumption, for example, tothe communications device 32 to provide input specifying the usage rangerepresentation. Referring back to FIG. 2, the processor circuit 38 maybe operable to extract the usage range representations from the messagesand may store the usage range representations in the data storage device34.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the utility service controller 36 isconnected to an annunciation device 50, such as a monitor, televisionscreen, speaker, or printer, for example, which is operable toannunciate by producing sound, printing, or displaying representationsof the utility service usage by respective loads. Alternatively, signalsproduced by the utility service controller 36 for use by theannunciation device 50 may be transmitted to an annunciation device at aremote location, such as at the utility service suppliers 53 or at alocation of an owner of a building using the utilities. This providesthe user of the utilities, or the one responsible for the usage of theutilities, or the utility suppliers with real-time information relatingto utility usage by individual loads or a plurality of loads.

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart 60 depicting a process effected by the block ofinstruction codes stored in the program memory device 42 whichcooperates with the processor circuit 38 shown in FIG. 2, to function asthe control signal generator 40. Separate, similar processes aresimultaneously executed by the processor circuit 38, for each load forwhich usage is monitored. The process is invoked periodically, such asevery thirty seconds, to determine if there is an excessive ornon-optimized usage of a utility by a load, and measurement of statusrecords for each load are updated to hold current measurements andstatus of usage of the utility at the load.

Block 62 causes the processor circuit 38 to measure the flow of theutility to the load. To do this the processor circuit 38 may cause thecommunications device 32 to transmit a requesting signal to themeasurement devices 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 21 shown in FIG. 1 toproduce a measurement value. In response the measurement devices 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 21 produce a measurement value representing theusage of the utility service by respective loads, or the measurementvalue may be provided without the need for a requesting signal. Themeasurement value may represent the flow of water or gas through anappliance, the amount of electric power or thermal energy used by anappliance, for example, or other types of measurements which can be usedto determine the usage of a utility service. For example, if load 20 isused by a gas fireplace device, the amount of usage of the gas utilityby the load can be determined from measurement device 14, which measuresthe amount of flow of gas into the fireplace device. In addition, themeasurement value may represent the amount of heat or carbon dioxide orany other secondary by-product produced by the fireplace device 20 asmeasured by measurement device 13. Alternatively, measurement devices 16and 17 may measure the pressure or temperature of water in two separatesections of a pipe leading to a faucet 22, respectively, and themeasurement value may be the difference in pressure or heat values todetermine if the pipe has undesirable transmission capacity.

The measurement value obtained at the I/O port 46 of the processorcircuit 38 is then stored at the data storage device in thecorresponding measurement/status record, such as the disk drive 34 ormemory device 44, for example. In addition to the measurement value,other information of relevance to the determination of utility usage maybe stored. For example, additional information to be stored couldinclude a start period of the measuring process, a time duration of themeasuring process, the total consumption used by a load, andidentification numbers corresponding to a specific appliance using theutility or specifying the utility supplier. The processor circuit 38then receives the measurement value at an I/O port 46. The measurementvalue as measured by measurement device 14 or 16 may represent the flowof gas or water to loads 20 or 22, respectively.

Block 64 then causes the processor circuit 38 to determine whether theutility service is supplied to the load. To do this, the processorcircuit 38 determines whether the measured flow is non-zero or exceedsminimum threshold criteria and if so the processor circuit determinesthat utility service is supplied to the respective load.

Further, the processor circuit 38 may be operable to produce a derivedrepresentation from a plurality of representations of the utilityservice usage. The derived representation may represent the efficiencyof usage of a load derived from the utility service usage measurements,or may represent the consumption rate or exhaust rate of utility serviceusage by the load, for example. Alternatively, the derivedrepresentation may represent the efficiency of usage of the utility bythe load, which, for example, may be determined by using measurementdevice 15 to measure the temperature change of a room heated by thefireplace device 20 to determine the heat produced, and then dividingthe heat produced by the fireplace device by the thermal heat equivalentof gas delivered into the load. In addition, the derived rate may alsorepresent the burning efficiency of gas as determined from measuredcarbon dioxide value or other secondary by-product value and the amountof gas supplied to the load 20, for example.

Referring back to FIG. 3, once the measurement value is obtained, block66 directs the processor circuit 38 to compare the representations ofthe utility service usage with respective usage range representations.If a representation of the utility service usage is within thecorresponding usage range representation, block 68 directs the processorcircuit 38 to report the representation of utility service usage to theannunciation device 50, and/or to store the representation in themeasurement/status record in the data storage device 34. In addition, astatus indicator indicating that the utility service usage is within thecorresponding usage range representation may be stored in themeasurement/status record. The processor circuit 38 updates the statusindicator information whenever block 66 has been entered and therepresentations have been compared. The processor circuit 38 may thendirect the annunciation device 50 to display the updated statusindicator. The process is then repeated by re-entering block 62 of theflowchart. In addition, the measurement value may also be displayed atthe annunciation device 50. The processor circuit 38 may access otherinstruction codes stored in the program memory device 42 or other memorydevice 44, for example, to provide a graphical display at theannunciation device 50 to provide a user with a presentation of utilityusage details, including the measurement values obtained.

If at block 66 it has been determined that a representation of theutility service usage is outside of a corresponding usage rangerepresentation, block 68 directs the processor circuit 38 to update thestatus indicator in the measurement/status record to indicate that theusage range has been exceeded and to store the usage representation andthe status indicator and report the status indicator and therepresentation of utility service usage to the annunciation device 50.The processor circuit 38 is then directed back to block 62 and theprocess is repeated. Alternatively, at block 66 the processor circuit 38may determine if a set or group of a plurality of representations ofutility service usage is outside of a corresponding set of usage rangerepresentations, and if so, block 68 stores and reports therepresentation of utility service usage, and updates, stores, andreports the updated status indicator.

If at block 64 it is determined that the utility service is not beingsupplied to a load, the processor circuit 38 is immediately directed toblock 68 to report to the annunciation device 50 and store in themeasurement/status record an updated status indicator indicating that noutility service is being drawn from the load.

As stated above, separate similar processes are simultaneously executedby the processor circuit 38 for each load for which utility serviceusage is measured. Consequently, as a result of executing all of theseprocesses, a plurality of measurement/status records corresponding torespective loads is continually updated to reflect the instantaneouscurrent status of the supply of the utility service to the load.

Referring to FIG. 4, an example of a measurement/status record is showngenerally at 200 and includes a plurality of measurement fields 202,usage range fields 204, status indicator fields 206, and a controlsignal field 208. The measurement fields 202 hold values representingmeasurements acquired from measurement devices 13, 14 and 15,respectively, for example, and may further include a field 203 forholding a derived value, such as energy consumption, computed frommeasured values. The usage range fields 204 hold values representingusage ranges for each measurement device 13, 14 and 15 and may includean additional field 205 or fields for derived representationsrepresenting energy usage ranges, for example.

The status indicator fields 206 include a primary field 144 indicatingwhether utility service is delivered to the load, a secondary field 146indicating whether the usage of the utility is within the correspondingusage range representation, and a response field 148 indicating whetherthe supply of the utility service to the corresponding load may beinterrupted. Each field may take a binary value, a range of integervalues indicating, for example, a priority ranking of whether aparticular load could be interrupted, or any number of bytes needed torepresent the status indicator for a respective load.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the primary field 144 is 0(1) if thesupply of utility service is not (is) delivered to the load, thesecondary field 146 is 0(1) when the usage of the utility service isoutside of (within) the usage range representation, and the responsefield 148 is 0(1) if the load may not (may) be interrupted. The responsefield 148 may be set by a user of the utility, or alternatively autility service supplier 53, to make sure that certain loads, such as afurnace for heating or a stove for cooking, may not be interruptedregardless of whether or not the usage is outside of the usage rangerepresentation.

The control signal field 208 indicates whether or not a control signal,produced by utility service controller 36 shown in FIG. 1, is active.For example the control signal field 208 is 0(1) if a control signal isnot (is) active to cause a control device 26, 28 or 30 to interrupt asupply of utility service to a corresponding load.

Once the updated measurement/status records resulting from the processesdepicted at 60 in FIG. 3 are stored in the data storage device 34, theprocessor circuit 38 then employs the contents of the status indicatorfields 206, in a look-up table shown generally at 70 in FIG. 5. In thisembodiment, the look-up table 70 is stored in the data storage device34. Alternatively, the look-up table 70 may be stored in the programmemory device 42, the random access memory device 44, or otherappropriate data storage device for example.

The look-up table 70 includes rows 72 indicating all possiblecombinations of status indicators 206 associated with respective loads.To use the look-up table 70 the processor circuit 38 produces a testrecord as shown generally at 220 in FIG. 6, by copying the statusindicators 206 for each load into separate fields in a row.

For example, in FIG. 6 the test record 220 gives a representation of aparticular combination of status indicators 206 for an electric motorload 164, a gas stove load 170, a gas fireplace load 168, a water faucetload 166 and a gas furnace load 172. For example, the status indicator164 for the electric motor has a 1 from the primary field 144 indicatingthat the electric motor is using electricity supplied by an electricutility, a 1 from the secondary field 146 indicating that the usage ofthe electric utility is within the corresponding usage rangerepresentation, and a 1 from the response field 148 indicating that theload would be interruptible if the utility service usage were outside ofthe usage range representation. The status indicators 166-172 associatedwith the remaining loads include a set of values 166 representing thestatus of a faucet using water utility service. In this embodiment, theset has the value 101 and indicates that the faucet is using wateroutside of the usage range representation, and that the water service tothe faucet may be interrupted. Similarly, sets of values 168 and 170 forthe fireplace and the stove, respectively, which use the gas utilityservice are both 100, indicating that both the fireplace and the stoveare using the gas utility service outside of the usage rangerepresentation, but the supply of gas is not to be interrupted to theseappliances. In addition, a set of values 172 indicates that the gasfurnace is using gas within the desired range representation and is notto be shut off.

In this embodiment each particular set of values has three statusindicators resulting in eight combinations of status. It will beappreciated that more or less status indicators may be used without lossof generality.

To use the look-up table 70 shown in FIG. 5, the processor circuit 38searches rows 72 thereof to find a configuration of status indicators206 matching the configuration in the test record 220 shown in FIG. 6.Once a match is found, the processor circuit 38 locates a correspondingcontrol value 152 which contains a sequence of control fields 154, 156,158, 160, and 162, each of which comprises a binary value of 0 or 1 toindicate which, if any, supply of utility service to a correspondingload is to be interrupted. A 0 (1) in a control field indicates that thesupply of utility service to the load should (should not) beinterrupted. Alternatively, the control fields 154-162 may take on anyother values indicating, for example, a priority order of which loads tointerrupted, or any other labeling or numbering system readable by theprocessor circuit 38 to manage a plurality of utility services atrespective loads.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, if the configuration ofstatus indicators in the test record 220 is 111100100101110, forexample, the corresponding control value 152 in the look-up table 70sequence is 11101. The 1 in the electric motor control field 162, stovecontrol field 160, fireplace control field 158, and furnace controlfield 154 indicate that the supply of corresponding utility services tothose loads are not to be interrupted, while the 0 in the faucet controlfield 156 indicates that the supply of water to the faucet should beinterrupted. As another example, if the configuration of statusindicators in the test record is 101100100101110, the control valuesequence is 01101, which indicates that the supply of utility service tothe stove, fireplace, and furnace are not to be interrupted, while thesupply of utility service to the electric motor and faucet is to beinterrupted.

The processor circuit 38 causes the control signal generator 40 toproduce control signals for use in interrupting the supply or continuingthe supply of the utility services to respective loads, in response tothe control value sequence which, as seen above, is produced in responseto the representation of utility service at the load and the usage rangerepresentation.

Referring back to FIG. 2, once the processor circuit 38 has caused thecontrol signal generator 40 to produce the control signals, theprocessor circuit directs the transmitter 47 to transmit the controlsignals to the control devices 26, 28, and/or 30 shown in FIG. 1 tointerrupt the supply of the utility to the respective loads 20, 22, or24. In addition, the control signal field 208 in the measurement/statusrecord 200 shown in FIG. 4 is updated to 1 to indicate that the controlsignal is active. The communication device 32, or alternatively theprocessor circuit 38, reports at the annunciation device 50 that thecontrol signal is active and the supply of service has been interruptedto the corresponding loads.

Control Devices

In general, each of the control devices includes a communications deviceand a utility service interrupter. The communications device is operableto receive a control signal and actuate the utility service interrupterto interrupt the supply of the utility service to the load in responseto a control signal. The communications device may simply be a screwterminal on a motorized valve to directly use the control signal toactuate the valve, or may be a relay, transistor, microprocessor,computer, or any other device capable of receiving a control signal. Theutility service interrupter may include a switch, a relay, a circuitbreaker, a valve, a pneumatic device, a hydraulic device, and/or amotorized device, or generally any mechanism that prevents or restrictsthe passage of a utility service to a respective load.

Referring to FIG. 1, for electric loads such as load 24, the controldevice may be used to simply interrupt the supply of the utility to theload. However, since electrical loads can be replaced relatively easily,it is desirable to be able to restore electrical power to an electricalcircuit when the load is changed. To do this, a special control device30 is used and an enhancement to the flowchart 60 shown in FIG. 3 ismade.

Referring to FIG. 7, the special control device 30 employs a screwterminal as the communication device 39 and a relay 45 as the utilityservice interrupter 41. In this embodiment the relay 45 has a coil 43which causes first and second wipers 73 and 74 to move in unison toconnect the load 24 to supply contacts 75 and 76 or to sense contacts 77and 78. In the normal, de-energized state, the load 24 is connected tothe supply contacts 75 and 76. When the control signal is received atthe coil 43, the load 24 is connected to the sense contacts 77 and 78,which completely isolates the load from the supply for safety, andpermits the sense contacts to be used.

The enhancement to the flowchart 69 is shown in dotted lines in FIG. 3.This enhancement is only used for electrical loads 24 along with thecontrol device 30 shown in FIG. 7. The enhancement is invoked afterblock 66 of the flowchart 60 shown in FIG. 3, when it has beendetermined that the usage of an electric utility service by the electricload 24 is outside of the corresponding usage range, and a controlsignal has been sent by the control signal generator 40 to the controldevice 30 shown in FIG. 7. The control signal energizes the coil 43 tomove the wipers 73 and 74 to cause the load 24 to be disconnected fromthe supply contacts 75 and 76 and connected to the sense contacts 77 and78. The load 24 is thus isolated from the utility service supply.

Block 63 then directs the processor circuit 38 to perform a continuitytest to test for continuity through the load 24 to detect when a userreplaces the load. To do this, the processor circuit 38 directs theutility service controller 36 to send a DC sense signal through the load24, using the sense contacts 77 and 78. The current through the load 24is sensed by the measurement device 21 which provides a measurementvalue to the communications device 32 at the utility managementapparatus 12 shown in FIG. 2. This measurement value is then stored inthe measurement field 202 of the measurement/status record 200 shown inFIG. 4.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, and 4, the processor circuit 38 monitors themeasurement field 202 whenever a 1 is stored in the correspondingcontrol signal field 208 to determine whether or not there is a break incontinuity. If the electric load 24 is removed from the circuit, thenmeasurement device 21 measures no current and returns a zero value tothe utility management apparatus 12, indicating a break in continuity.This would occur for example, when a user disconnects the defective orinefficient appliance responsible for using electric utility serviceoutside of its usage range and wishes to replace it with a moreefficient appliance.

Referring back to FIGS. 2, 3, 4, and 7, when the load 24 is removed fromthe circuit, block 65 directs the processor circuit 38 to cause thecontrol signal generator 40 to cease sending the control signal to thecontrol device 30, which de-energizes the coil 43 of the relay 45 tocause the load to be reconnected to the supply contacts 75 and 76 toreceive power from the electric utility service. In addition, block 65directs the processor circuit 38 to reset the control signal field 208of the measurement/status record 200 to 0, and block 68 is then executedby the processor circuit to store and report the information providedduring the process 60. Thus, when the user connects a new load, powerfrom the electric utility supply is immediately available to the load.If the user reconnects the old load, the out-of-range condition willonce again be detected and the supply of electric utility service willagain be interrupted.

If at block 63 the processor circuit 38 determines that continuity isstill established, that is, the offending load remains connected, thenthe control signal field 208 is unchanged and the coil 43 of the relay45 remains energized, keeping the load 24 isolated from the utilityservice supply.

Referring to FIG. 8, a control device 79, according to an alternativeembodiment of the invention incorporates both measurement and controlfunctions for electrical loads. In this embodiment the control device 79includes a processor circuit 80, a communications device 81, an I/Odevice 82 and a utility service interrupter 41 which includes a relay 45which functions as described in the embodiment shown in FIG. 7.

In this embodiment, the communications device 81 facilitates two-waycommunications between the processor circuit 80 and the utilitymanagement apparatus 12 shown in FIG. 1. The communications device 81may form part of a wireless communications system such as the systemsold and operated under the trademark BLUETOOTH®, for example, or thecommunications device 80 may simply be hardwired to the utilitymanagement apparatus 12. The communications device 81 may even beoperable to communicate with the utility management apparatus 12 usingthe internet or another wireless communication device, for example.

Communications between the processor circuit 80 and the utilitymanagement apparatus 12 may involve the utility management apparatussending messages to the processor circuit, requesting a measurement fromthe measurement device 18 and/or continuity sensor 21, or requestingoperation or status of the utility service interrupter 41, and theprocessor circuit may send a message back to the utility managementapparatus with the representation of the measurement or status of theutility service interrupter.

The I/O device 82 is operable to receive signals from the measurementdevice 18 and a continuity sensor 21. In addition, the I/O device 82 isoperable to provide the continuity sense signal to the load 24 throughsense contacts 77 and 78 of the relay 45, and the coil 43 of the relayis controlled by a signal produced by the I/O device 82.

The processor circuit 80 is operable to communicate with the 110 device82 to receive a measure of the usage of the utility service by the load24, to produce a measurement value representing the usage of the utilityservice by the load. The measurement value is received from themeasurement device 18, at the I/O device 82, and is passed to theprocessor circuit 80, which in turn produces a representation of theusage of the utility service by the load 24 from the measurement value.The processor circuit 80 then passes the representation to thecommunication device 81 for transmission back to the utility managementapparatus 12, shown in FIG. 1.

The control device 79 is used in conjunction with the enhancement to theflowchart shown in FIG. 3, but instead of the utility service controller36 sending a control signal directly to the control device, a messageincluding the control signal is sent. This message is interpreted by theprocessor circuit 80 and, in response, the processor circuit causes theI/O device 82 to issue a signal to the relay 45 to energize the coil 43to facilitate continuity sensing. The processor circuit 80 then executesa routine (not shown) which causes it to continuously or periodicallytransmit a continuity sense measurement to the utility managementapparatus 12 for use in conjunction with the flowchart at the utilitymanagement apparatus.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the measurement devices 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, and 21 and the control devices 26, 28, and 30 are shownas individual measurement and control devices, but some mayalternatively be coupled together and sold as a unit in a commonhousing. Similarly, the utility management apparatus 12 and the utilityservice controller 36 may be housed in a common housing, as in theembodiment shown in FIG. 1, or may be packaged and sold as separateunits.

Billing

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided abilling apparatus for billing a subscriber for utility service usage,shown generally at 90 in FIG. 9. The billing apparatus includes autility service measurement device 92, a communications device 94, and aprocessor circuit 96.

The utility service measurement device 92 measures the utility serviceusage at a location where the utility service is being used. The utilityservice measurement device 92 may measure usage of a single utility or aplurality of utilities, and further may comprise a single measurementdevice or a plurality of measurement devices to produce a measurement ora plurality of measurements of utility usage. The utility servicemeasurement devices may be any or all of the measurement devices 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 21 shown in FIG. 1, to measure the usage of gas,water or electricity, or any other utility, for example, or may includeutility service inlet devices (not shown).

The communication device 94 is operable to receive rate information forthe utility service used as measured by the utility service measurementdevice 92. Rate information may be provided by a user of the service ata user interface such as a keyboard 99 for example, or may be providedby utility service suppliers 53. The rate information may be transmittedvia the internet 57, PSTN 52, a private network, or any othercommunications network connecting the rate provider with thecommunications device 94, to provide rate information. To do this, thecommunications device 94 may include a receiver 106 and a transmitter108.

The processor circuit 96 is operable to apply the rate informationreceived at the communications device 94 to the measurement produced bythe utility service measurement device 92 to produce a billing value andto generate a billing signal representing a bill bearing the billingvalue. The billing signal may be used by an output device 110 or 118 ata subscriber location for producing the bill at the subscriber location,or may be transmitted to a remote location to generator a bill at aremote location.

To achieve this functionality, a block of instruction codes, stored inthe program memory 98, is executed to start the billing process. Theinstruction codes may be provided from any computer readable medium,such as a CD-ROM, or downloaded over the internet 57 from a remoteserver 120, for example. A flowchart depicting the billing processprovided by the block of instruction codes is shown generally at 100 inFIG. 10.

Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, the process is initiated at block 102,which directs the utility service measurement device 92 to receive ameasure of utility service usage at a location. The measurement may bestored by the processor circuit 96 on a data storage device, which mayinclude the program memory 98, a random access memory 109, or a diskdrive, for example.

Block 104 then directs the communication device 94 to receive rateinformation from the rate provider. For example, the communicationsdevice 94 may establish communications with the server 120, and cause arate request to be transmitted to the server. The server 120 may be aremote server, such as a server located at a utility service supplierfor example, or may be located at a subscriber's location or any otherlocation that provides the rate information to a subscriber of theutility.

The receiver 106 of the communications device 94 receives the requestedrate information from the server 120 and once the rate information isreceived, block 112 directs the processor circuit 96 to produce thebilling value from the measurement values and the rate information forthe corresponding utility measured. The processor circuit 96 applies therate information to the measurement of utility usage to produce thebilling value. The billing value may represent costs for utility serviceusage of a single utility service or a plurality of utility services.The processor circuit 96 may produce the billing value, for example, bymultiplying the kilowatt-hours of utility used by a rate perkilowatt-hour, or by multiplying the volume of water or gas used by anappropriate billing rate.

Block 114 then directs the processor circuit 96 to produce a billingsignal from the billing value. The billing signal may contain themeasurement value of usage of the utility service, a start time periodfor the measurement, a time duration period of the measurement, and/oridentification numbers identifying the user and/or the supplier of theutility service, for example. The billing signal may be a voltage signalin the range of 0-10V, for example, or may be a message encoded in aTCP/IP protocol operable to be sent over a communications network suchas the internet 57, for example, to a remote location. In thisembodiment, the processor circuit 96 transmits the billing signal to anoutput device such as a monitor 110, a printer 118, or any other outputdevice responsive to the billing signal for annunciating the billingvalue.

An example of a bill produced at the output device 110 or a printer 118is shown generally at 121 in FIG. 11. In this embodiment, the bill 121includes various portions identifying the details of utility usage. Forexample, a utility field 122 identifies the utility supplier, and a userdisplay portion 124 identifies information pertaining to the user of theutilities. The user display portion 124 may contain a site field 126identifying the location of utility usage, and name 128, address 130,and account number 132 fields of a subscriber of the utility service. Aconsumption field 134 may present the total usage amount of the utilityused between dates specified in a duration period field 136. A rate area138 may present a rate or a compendium of rates used to calculate thebill amount, and a charge area 140 may present charges for the utilityservice used. The charge area may list the amount due, due date, andgross charges for utilities used plus additional surcharges, such as taxor connection charges, for example. Other types of display formats maybe used which present similar information in any appropriate displayformat.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described andillustrated such embodiments should be considered illustrative of theinvention only and not as limiting the invention as construed inaccordance with the accompanying claims.

1. A method of controlling usage of a utility, the method comprising:providing a control system at a consumer site; receiving in said controlsystem a representation of a utility usage by a utility-consumingdevice, said representation of utility usage comprising measured valuesof at least one output of said utility-consuming device as well asmeasured values of at least one utility input delivered to saidutility-consuming device; receiving and storing in said control system ausage range representation for said utility-consuming device comprisingat least one pre-determined value of an expected output of saidutility-consuming device and at least one pre-determined expected valueof a utility delivered to said utility-consuming device; and producing acontrol signal for use by a utility service controller, when saidmeasured at least one output and at least one input values are outsideof said usage range representation for said utility-consuming device,said control signal being operable to cause said utility servicecontroller to interrupt or adjust a supply of said utility to saidutility-consuming device.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprisingtransmitting said control signal to said utility service controller. 3.The method of claim 1 wherein receiving said usage range representationcomprises receiving user input specifying said usage rangerepresentation.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving said usagerange representation comprises receiving a message from a communicationssystem.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein receiving said usage rangerepresentation comprises extracting said usage range representation fromsaid message according to a network protocol.
 6. The method of claim 1wherein receiving said representation of utility usage comprisesreceiving a plurality of representations of said utility usagerepresenting usage of more than one utility by said utility-consumingdevice.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said receiving and storingcomprises receiving and storing a plurality of usage rangerepresentations for a plurality of utility-consuming devices.
 8. Themethod of claim 7 wherein producing said control signal comprisescomparing said representations of said utility usage with respectiveusage range representations and producing said control signal when a setof representations of said utility usage is outside of a correspondingset of usage range representations.
 9. The method of claim 6 whereinproducing said control signal comprises producing a derivedrepresentation from said plurality of representations of said utilityusage and producing said control signal when said derived representationis outside of said usage range representation.
 10. The method of claim 1further comprising storing said representation of said utility usage.11. The method of claim 10 further comprising displaying saidrepresentation of said utility usage.
 12. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising storing an indication of whether or not said control signalis active.
 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising displaying saidindication.
 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising transmittingsaid representation of said utility usage to a remote location.
 15. Amethod of controlling usage of a utility, the method comprising:providing a control system at a consumer site; receiving in said controlsystem a representation of usage of a utility by a utility-consumingdevice, said representation of utility usage comprising a firstrepresentation of a quality or a quantity of a utility input to saiddevice and a second representation of a quality or quantity of a productof utilization of said device; calculating an efficiency of said deviceby comparing said first and second representations; receiving andstoring in said control system a usage range representation comprising apre-determined value of expected efficiency of said utility-consumingdevice; and producing a control signal for use by a utility servicecontroller for controlling a flow of the utility to theutility-consuming device, when said utility usage is outside of saidusage range representation.
 16. The method of claim 15 furthercomprising transmitting said control signal to said utility servicecontroller.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein receiving said usagerange representation comprises receiving user input specifying saidusage range representation.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein receivingsaid usage range representation comprises receiving a message from acommunications system.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein receiving saidusage range representation comprises extracting said usage rangerepresentation from said message according to a network protocol. 20.The method of claim 15 wherein receiving said representation of utilityusage comprises receiving a plurality of representations of said utilityusage representing usage of more than one utility by saidutility-consuming device.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein saidreceiving and storing comprises receiving and storing a plurality ofusage range representations for a plurality of utility-consumingdevices.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein producing said controlsignal comprises comparing said representations of said utility usagewith respective usage range representations and producing said controlsignal when a set of representations of said utility usage is outside ofa corresponding set of usage range representations.
 23. The method ofclaim 20 wherein producing said control signal comprises producing aderived representation from said plurality of representations of saidutility usage and producing said control signal when said derivedrepresentation is outside of said usage range representation.
 24. Themethod of claim 15 further comprising storing said representation ofsaid utility usage.
 25. The method of claim 24 further comprisingdisplaying said representation of said utility usage.
 26. The method ofclaim 15 further comprising storing an indication of whether or not saidcontrol signal is active.
 27. The method of claim 26 further comprisingdisplaying said indication.
 28. The method of claim 15 furthercomprising transmitting said representation of said utility usage to aremote location.